To qualify as a Private Pilot, students must undergo two examinations—one is a flight test conducted in an aircraft with an examiner, and the other is a written examination conducted by Transport Canada.  There are time limits on when these examinations must occur—the flight test must be completed no later than two years after successfully completing the written examination, and the written examination, in turn, must be completed no later than one year after successfully completing the flight test.  Private Pilot training is therefore oriented towards preparing students for these two examinations—that is, the flight training portion prepares students for the flight test, while the groundschool portion prepares students for the written examination.  While flight training is conducted one-on-one with a Flight Instructor, groundschool is normally conducted in a conventional classroom setting.  All training must conform with standards established by Transport Canada, and the aircraft used for training must meet the maintenance standards established by Transport Canada for certified commercial aircraft.